IMP POINTS............

CIGAR BUNDLE APPEARANCE - parrallel rows of M.Leprae

LEPRA CELLS ARE  - foamy cells are large undifferentiated histiocytes

SALMONELLA TYPHII ALSO KNOWN AS  - Eberthgaffky bacillus

WBBS MEDIUM FOR -  for salmonella jet black colonies due to production of h2s ( wilson and blair bismuth sulphite medium)

KAUFMANN WHITE SCHEME FOR - for salmonella classification depend upon agglutination(h&o antigen)

TEST FOR DETECTION OF CARRIERS OF TYPHII - sewr swab technique

DIARRHEA IN INFANTS AND CHILRN CAUSD BY - EPEC-Enteropathogenic e.coli

TRAVELLER'S DIAHRROEA - ETEC-Enterotoxigenic E.coli

BACILLARY DYSENTRY CAUSD BY-shigella

SERENY TEST USED FOR - Enteroinvasive E.coli

E COLLI O 157:H7 INVOLVD IN-Enterotoxigenic or vrotoxigenic E.coli

BABES ERNST GRANULES PRESENT IN - diptheria bacilli

CUNEIFORM ARRANGEMENT - corneybacterium diptheria

CITRON BODIES-boat or leaf shaped clostridium septicum

serum potassium-16-22(4.1-5.6 mEq\lit)

serum albumin-3.2-4.1gm\100ml

serum globulin2.6-3.8gm\100ml

Albumin:globulin ratio-1.5-2.5:1

VIRUSES HEAT LABILE OR NOT - heat labile inactivated within seconds at 56*c,min at 37*c,days at 4 days.

CHLORINATION INEFFECTIVE ON WHICH VIRUSES - hepatitis,polio virus.

ELUTION - reversal of haemagglutination due to neuraminidase in myxoviruses.

VON MAGNUS PHENOMENON -incomplete daughter virion of influensa virus shows high haemagglutination titre and low infectivity

MARKER RESCUE?or cross reactivation - when a cell is ifected with both active and inactive viruses,the progeny posses one or more genetic traits of inactivated viruses are produced.

DIFF BTW VIRIOD AND PRIONS - viriod-subviral agent,prion-protein

FEVER BLISTERS SEEN IN - herpes simplex

NAME A VIRAL INFECTION IN WHICH CORTICOSTEROIDS R GIVEN - herpetic neuralgia

northern blot test identification of Rna and southern blot identification of Dna

ito test chancroid and frei test lymphogranuloma venerium

napier aldehyde formol gel test chopra antimony test leishmania donovani

pagets test for small swellings

rosewaller test rheumatoid arthritis and split lamp test sjogren syndrome

cowsackie virus A 10 acute lymphonodular pharyngitis and coxsackie virus a 16 hand foot mouth disease

Pplo type organism  behcet syndrome

p malaria quartan malaria fever on 4 th day and p ovale ovale tertian malaria

ascaris lumbricoides round worm loeffler syndrome charcoat leyden crystal in sputum

p vivax fever 3 rd day

trypanosoma cruzi south american trypanosomiasis

actinobacilus botryomycosis

e coli traveller diarrhoe

klebsiela rhinoscleroderma which include hebra nose paralysis of soft palate with enlargement of uvula

capnocytophaga  puberty gingivitis and prevotela pregnancy gingivitis

     in igG normal serum conc is 8 to 16 mg per dl

warm immunoglobulin classical complement fixation is positive

igM HAS half lyf of 5 days earliest immunoglobin synthesized by foetus and oldest class they are short lived and DISAPPEAR earlier and in serum recent infection COLD IMMUNOGLOBIN

CLASSICAL PATHWAY

CYTOTOXIC RXN

Ig A half lyf 6 days

igE half lyf 2 to 8 days mediate prausunitz kustner reaction a method to detect atopic antibody in CONTACT DERMATITIS

igD activates b lymphocyte for antibody production or suppression

the elastic modulus of enamel is about 3 times greater dan dentio but dentin is capable of sustained significant plastic deformation under compressive loading before it fracture so enamel is stiffer and more brittle and dentio is more flexible and tougher

elastic limit is maximum stress that material will withstand without permanent deformation

yield strength is stress at which material exhibit specified limiting deviation from proportionality of stress to strain

maximum flexibility is strain that occur when material is stressed to proportional limit

impact strength energy to fracture a material under impact force and charpy type impact tester is used or izod impact tester can be used

 toughness is energy required to fracture a material measured as total area under stress strain curve

a brittle material is to fracture at or near its proportional limit

ductiliu ability of material to withstand permanent deformation under tensile load without rupture and ductility decrease as temperature is raised measured by reduction in cross sectional area cold bend test and measuring percent elongation

malleability ability of material to withstand rupture under compression and it is not dependent on strength as in ductility and it increases with rise in temp

tensile strength maximum stress the structure will withstand before rupture and unilateral tension test or brazilian test is used

static fatigue exhibited by some ceramic material when material are stored in wet environment due to effect of water on highly stressed surface of material

transverse or flexure strength when load is applied in middle of beam supported at each end. 3 point bending test used to test denture base resin and long span bridges

 american dental association specification number for non aqueous elastomeric dental impression is 19

polysulphide are unpleasant odor and color and exhibit pseudoplasticity with long setting time and high curing and permanent deformation which improves with time and pouring of model delayed by half an hour

causes of rough or uneven surface of elastomeric impression material are incomplete polymerization caused by premature removal from mouth and improper ratio of mixing components and too rapid polymerization caused by high humidity and high temperature

irregular shaped void moisture or debris on surface of teeth

tear strength

polysulphide > condensation silicone > polyether > additional silicone

multiple cast cannot be poured with elastomeric impression material

additional silicone has lower flexibility than alginate

MMR VARICELA are live viral vaccine we give them once

never give a live vaccine who is immunocompresive mmr varicella are live pregnant female also

b pertussis toxoid and filamentous hemaggluten DTP and dtap

h influenza capsule and proteins content of bacterial vaccine

s pneumonia  pcv 7 capsular serotype and protein and s pneumonia in adults 23 capsular serotype and n meningitis 4 capsular serotype Y w135 c A

live taci best but fall cause infection in immunocompromised and killed has humoral imunity

killed vaccine rest in peace always

rabies influenza polio salk hepatitis A

vaccine not used in pregnancy Mmr , influenza yellow fever

live vaccine Mrr. V.Z mapsy

mumps

rota virus

rubela

varicela zoster

measle

adenovirus (nt atenuatd)

polio sabin

small pox

yellow fever

chronic granulomatous disease deficiency of nadpdh oxidase and failure to generate oxygen radical

catalase positive infection

leukocyte adhesion deficiency absence if cd 18 common beta chain of integrin failure to form pus RBC DNT ENTER no TISSUE OMPHALITIS  GINGIVOSTOMATITIS

glucose 6 phosphate deficiency hexose monophosphate shunt

Mpo deficiency no hypochlorite formation granule enzyme defect  no finding

chediak higashi partial albinism granule fail to join BACTERIAL INFECTION

job syndrme increase igE TH1 CEL CNT MAKE interferon gama and interferon gama TH1 DOWNREGULATE TH2

type 2 hypersensitivity tissue specific auto antibody , opsonize or active complement , recruit inflammatory cell and interfere with  cellular function (Non cytotoxic graves disease) , ACUTE RHEUMATIC FEVER macrophage activeAUTOIMUNE HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA AND GOOD PASTURE SYNDROME ( type 4 collagem in basement membrane of kidney glomeruli and lung and c and fc receptor mediated inflammation linear pattern in biopsy

TRANSFUSION REACTIÖ AUTOIMUNE TTP

hemolytic rh negative mother and rh and positive child, mother NO ANTIGEN HAS ANTIBODY, 2ND make igG FOR RH, RHOGAM ANTI RH ANIBODY 1 during pregnancy igD, OR DELIVERY TIME GIVEN OR AFTER BIRTH igG , hemolytic disease of new born check by coomb test usd

Myasthenia gravis and Graves disease, Type 2 diabetes, Pernicious anemia NoN CYTOTOXIC TYPE 2 HYPERSENTIVITY no destruction only CHANGE IN STRUCTURE

boiling point of silver 2222 c and melting point 961.93 c

brazilian cylinder splitting test type of diametral compression test to determine ultimate tensile strength of brittle material 

the simplest mode that demonstrate viscoelastic behaviour is Maxwel voigt model

alginate powder contain 10 to 15 percent of siliceous dust particles.

Reversible and irreversible hydrocolloid  combined in laminate technique

condensation polymerization occur between ortho ethyl silicate and TERMINAL HYDROXYL group of dimethyl siloxane and stannous octate catalyst and reaction is exothermic 1C

tray adhesive for silicone have poly dimethyl siloxane and hydrated silica from ethyl silicate physical bond with tray and dimethyl siloxane bond with rubber

 an adhesive is not required in putty reline  technique when perforated tray is used

ADDITIONAL SILICONE VASE HAS LOWEST PERMANENT DEFORMATION, In this base polymer is terminated with vinyl group and is cross linked with SILANE 5to 9 min setng tym  they have adequate tear strength but less than polysulphide

in agar gelation solidification occur at 37 c and liquefactiön occur at 60 to 70 and this difference is hysterisis

working time for agar 7 to 15 minutes and setting time 5 minutes with tear strength 715 gm/cm2 4 to 15 percent flexibility. 11 percent desired

Ada 11 set standard property of agar hydrocolloid material

storage temperature 65 to 68 c and tempering 46 for 2 minutes

hydrocolloid ranges 1 to 200 nanometer

TEAR STRENGTH OF POLYSULPHIDE MORE THAN ADITIONAL SILICONE

impression compound have low THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

when soluble sodium alginate react with calcium sulphate is calcium alginate

elastomeric impression material are hydrocolloid and elastomeric material

hardening solution are used with hydrocolloid solution 2 potassium sulphate and titanium flouride for alginate material

borate increase strength of gel and potassium sulphate counter retarding effect of borates

so acc setting of gypsum

accelerator solution calcium chloride in zinc oxide eugenol paste rosin speed the reaction calpc flow property.. Zinc acetate primary alcohol and glacial acetic acid accelerator and Ada specification no. 16 type 1 30 to 50mm and type 2 paste 20 to 45mm spread

and compressive strength 7 MPA After hour after mixing,

to make vinyl polysiloxane hydrophilic non ionic surfactant is added

the material which set by chemical reaction are thermoset material

azathioprine  immunosupresive inhibit Dna rna  used to prevent rejection in organ

dohley bodies chediak higashi syndrome

dohle body morphologic variation of neutrophil in bacterial infection

verocay bodies schwanomma

herpes simplex 4 epstein bar virus and herpes simplew 5 cytomegalovirus and herpes simplew 3 chicken pox and herpes 6 human blood lymphotrophic virus

 gordon biological test hodgkin disease and HAM TEST for diagnosis of paroxymal nocturnal haemoglobinuria

lewis bodies parkinsonism

owl eye inclusion cytomegalo and herpes

donovan bodies lymphogranuloma venerium

councilman bodies and tores bodies yellow fever

cow dry type a yellow fever and cowdry type b adeno virus

prowzek bodies trachoma and boelinger bodies in fowl pox

dick test scarlet fever and Aso test anti streptolysin o test acute rheumatic fever defect of humoral immunity

bruton x linkd no b cells at all

Pre b cel in bone marow normal replacement gama globin

selective igA deficiency  gve antibiotic nt ig

x lnkd hyper igM syndrme deficiency of cd 40Ligand on activated t cel increase serum igM, normal b and t cells

defect of humoral

 common variable hypogama globulinemia late teens increase autoimunity and transient hypo gama globulinemia delayed onset of normal igG synthesis in 5 to 6 decade

denusset sign head moves with heart beat

dulezeiz sign femoral artery pulsation

marfan syndrome in mitral regurgitation

epstein involves tricuspid valve

rhonchi emphysema

beta form is spongy and irregular and alpha crystal of stone are dense and prismatic ie CaSo4. 1/2 H2o

calcium sulphate dihydrate on heating gives calcium sulphate hemihydrate at 110 to 130 c and on furture heating at 130 to 200 c it form hexagonal anhydrite

water of reaction is same for all gypsum product 18.6 ml of water but gauging water differ with type of gypsum product . 45 ml for type 1 30ml for type 3 and 20ml for type 4

if setting of plaster or stone is allowed to occur under water the setting expansion will be more than double hygroscopic setting expansion due to additional crystal growth in presence of water

type 1 is impression plaster and type 2 is model plaster and type 3 is dental stone or hydrocal or CLASS 1 STONE

type 4 is high strength stone or improved stone or die stone and type 5 is dental stone of high strength and high expansion

   hemihydrate in gypsum is 4 times more soluble than dihydrate

when plaster mix with water 3900 cal heat exothermic rxn

crystalline theory french chemist henry louis chatelier

the set gypsum entangled aggregate of gypsum crystal having length of 5 to 10 micro never

vicat needle weigh 300gm and needle diameter is 1mm.

Gillmore needle has 1/4 lb weight and diameter of 1/12 inch while large gillmore has 1 lb weight and diameter of 1/24 inch

wet STRENGTH when excesss free water is present in set gypsum 9 Mpa and improved dental stone is 35 Mpa

gypsum is only stable at temp below 40c

setting expansion of divestment is0.9 percent and thermal expansion is0.6 when heated to 677 

in chemical cure polymerization is not complete and have greater unreacted monomer the RESIDUAL MONOMER act as irritant and plasticiyer and decrease TRANSVERSE strength of denture resin. Color stability inferior

because of less polymerization self cure resin have less shrinkage and greater dimensional acuracy

boiling point of monomer is 100.8c, if temp crosses it evaporation of monomer occur it causes internal or sub surface porosity within thicker portion of denture

presence of air also inhibit polymerization

acrylic resin derivation of ethylene and have vinyl group in their structural formula

in heat cure MONOMER IS METHYL METHACRYLATE and powder is polymethyl methacrylate with benzoyl peroxide as initiator

# Aschoff Bodies - rheumatic fever

# Asteroid body - sporotrichosis

# BABES - ERNST Bodies - metachromatic granules

# BALBIANI'S Bodies – yolk nucleus

# Bamboo bodies - asbestosis

# Bodies OF ARANTIUS - aortic valve nodules

# BODY OF HIGHMORE - mediastinum testis

# Bollinger bodies - fowlpox

# Brassy body – dark shrunken blood corpuscle found in malaria

# Call exners bodies – granulosa theca cell tumour

# Chromatid bodies - entamoeba histolytica precyst

# Citron bodies - cl. Septicum

# Civatte bodies – lichen planus

# Councilman bodies – hepatitis B

# Coccoid X bodies – psittacosis

# Creola bodies - asthma

# Cystoid bodies – in degenerated retinal nerve fibers ( seen in Cotton wool spots)

# Donnes bodies – colostrums corpuscles

# Donovan bodies – granulose inguinale (LGV)

# Ferruginous bodies – asbestosis

# Gamma gandy bodies – congestive splenomegaly

# Guarnieri bodies - inclusion bodies of vaccinia

# Henderson Peterson bodies - molluscum contagiosum

# Harting bodies – calcospheritis in the cerebral capillaries

# Heinz bodies – G 6 PD deficiency

# Herring bodies – neurohypophysis

# Heterophil antibodies – infectious mononucleosis

# Hirano bodies – alzheimer’s disease

# Lewy bodies – parkinsonism

# Levinthal coles lille bodies - psittacosis

# Mallory bodies – alcoholic hepatitis

# Masson bodies – rheumatic pneumonia

# Michelis guttman bodies – malakoplakia

# Mooser bodies – endemic typhus

# Moot bodies – multiple myeloma

# Negri bodies – rabies

# Odland body – keratinosome

# Oken’s body - mesonephros

# Paschen bodies – vaccinia / variola

# Pick bodies – picks disease

# Psamomma bodies –

    * 1. papillary carcinoma of thyroid

    * 2. serous papillary carcinoma of ovary

    * 3. meningioma

    * 4. mesothelioma

# Reilly bodies – hurler’s syndrome

# Rokitansky bodies - teratoma

# Ross’s bodies – syphilis

# Rushton bodies – odontogenic cyst

# Sclerotic bodies - chromoblastomycosis

# Sandstorm bodies – parathyroid glands

# Schillar dual bodies - yolk sac tumour

# Schaumann bodies - sarcoidosis

# Verocay bodies – schwanoma

# Winkler bodies – syphilis

# Zebra bodies – metachromatic leukodystroph

MOST COMON SITES

tb-tongue

haemangioma tumor-1st tongue.2nd lip

peripheral giant cell tumor-gingiva

ectopic salivary gland tumoror necrotising sialometaplasia-palate

basal cell carcinoma-upper lip

mucocele-lower lip

spindle cell carcinoma-lower lip

squamous cell carcinoma-lower lip

carcinoma of lip usually begins on vermillion border of the lip

labial melanotic macule-lower lip near midline

focal epithelial hyperplasia-lower lip

melanoma of orofacial region-molar region

verrucous carcinoma-buccal mucosa

keratoacanthoma-cheeks

intraoral nevi-hard palate

carcinoma of gingiva-mand edentulous gingiva

lymphoid hamartoma-mediastinum

oral papilloma-tongue

Thickest cranial nerve:trigeminal nerve

Thickest nerve

largest mucocutaneous nerve

Largest cranial nerve: TRIGEMINAL NERVE

longest cranial nerve(intracranial course )TROCHLEAR ( SUBARACHNOID COARSE) AND  ABDUCENT IF INTRADURAL COARSE

longest cranial nerve(extra cranial course) VAGUS

Thinnest cranial nerve: TROCHLEAR????

csf drain to which cranial nerve- 1,2,7,8[/b]

* Trochlear nerve is the only nerve to go dorsally and then coming to the ventral aspect of brain...

...It thus gains some additional length (while going dorsally) and becomes the nerve with longest intra-cranial course !

*Abducent nerve has the longest intra-cranial SUB-ARACHNOID course!!

What does it mean....? It means that - Though Trochlear nerve has got the longer intracranial course than Abducent....but Abducent stays in SUB-ARACHNOID space for a longer distance intracranially!!!

Vitamin which is important in nonoxidative decarboxylation transamination abd transulfuration reaction is  vit B6

manonyl aciduria is seen in deficiency of vitamin B12

topocopherol is vitamin E

daily vitamin A intake is?

Vitamin assosiated with one carbon metabolism is folic acid

Active form of vitamin d in kidney is calcitriol

The reaction inhibted in thiamine deficiency is transketolase pyruvate DH complex alpha keto glutarate DH complex branched chain ketoacid DH

absorbtion of vitain k requires normal absorption of fat

vitamin b1 antagonist is oxythiamine and pyrithiamine

vitamin b6 anatgonist is INH

folic acid antagonist is methotrexate

vitamin k antagonist is warfarin n dicoumarin

biotin is requires for activity of pyruvate carboxylase,

vitamin b12 act as coenzyme to methyl malonyl co A to succinyl co A

pompe disease due to def of lysosomal alpha 1-4 and 1-6 (acid maltase)

mc ardle syndrome due to def of muscle phosphorylase

Her disaese due to def of liver phosphorylase

pasteur efffect is inhibition of glycolysis by oxygen

Drug wid highest vol. of distribution??chloroquinine

 wats an orphan drug?drug used for rare diseases

major side effect of cyclosporine?hypertension,kidney problems

drug of choice in shock wid oliguria?

drug in neurolept anaesthesia?propofol and fentanyl/remifentanyl are the drugs of choice

drug in neurolept analgesia?chloropromazine

oral hypoglycemic in obese?sibutramine??/ for obese??/

first dose phenomenon seen in-    e first dose phenomenon is a sudden and severe fall in blood pressure that can occur when changing from a lying to a standing position the first time that an alpha blocker drug is used, alpha blocker prazosin terozosin

skeletal muscle tremors as adverse effect of which drugs-salbutamol

abciximab is monoclonal antibody aganst gp11b/111a , used as antiplatelet

omalizulab is monoclonal antibody against IgE used for bronchial asthma

Rituximab is monoclonal antibody against CD20 for non hodkgin lymphoma

Transtuzumab is monoclonal against 2/neu for breast cancer

palivizumab is monoclonal against respiratory synctial virus

SUMMARY

BLOOD COMPONENT	CONTENTS	VOLUME	SHELF LIFE**
Whole Blood (autologous or directed donations)	Red Blood cells (RBC); plasma. White Blood Cells (WBCs); platelets not viable after 24 hr. Factors V; VIII significantly decreased after 2 days. Hct 35%. 450mL Blood; 63 Ml CPDA-1 anticoagulant	520 ml	35 days 4o C
Red cells (AS-1)	RBC w/ appx. 25 mL of plasma; 100 mL of saline; additive solution (adenine, mannitol). Hct 60%	340 mL	42 days 4o C
Platelet concentrate	Platelets; includes some WBC; 50 mL of plasma, a few RBC (Hct less than .005)	50 mL	5 days 20o C
Platelet pheresis	Platelets; includes some WBC; 300 mL of plasma; a few RBC	300 mL	5 days 200 C
Fresh frozen plasma	Plasma proteins, all coagulation factors, complement	225 mL	1 year 18o C
Cryoprecipitate	150 mg of fibrinogen, at least 80 units of factor VIII, von Willebrand factor, factor XIII, fibronectin	15 mL	1 year 18o C

Addison’s Disease                •              primary adrenocortical deficiency

Addisonian Anemia             •              pernicious anemia  (antibodies to intrinsic factor or parietal cells  IF  Vit B12  megaloblastic anemia)

Albright’s Syndrome           •              polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, café au lait spots, short stature, young girls

Alport’s Syndrome              •              hereditary nephritis with nerve deafness

Alzheimer’s           •              progressive dementia

Argyll-Robertson Pupil       •            loss of light reflex constriction  (contralateral or bilateral)

•              “Prostitute’s Eye” - accommodates but does not react

•              Pathognomonic for 3Syphilis

Arnold-Chiari Malformation              •              cerebellar tonsil herniation

Barrett’s                •              columnar metaplasia of lower esophagus ( ¬ risk of adenocarcinoma)

Bartter’s Syndrome            •              hyperreninemia

Becker’s Muscular Dystrophy            •              similar to Duchenne, but less severe (deficiency in dystrophin protein)

Bell’s Palsy             •              CNVII palsy   (entire face; recall that UMN lesion only affects lower face)

Berger’s Disease •              IgA nephropathy

Bernard-Soulier Disease     •              defect in platelet adhesion (abnormally large platelets & lack of platelet-surface glycoprotein)

Berry Aneurysm •              circle of Willis (subarachnoid bleed)

•              often associated with ADPKD

Bowen’s Disease •              carcinoma in situ on shaft of penis ( ¬ risk of visceral ca)

Briquet’s Syndrome            •              somatization disorder

•              psychological: multiple physical complaints without physical pathology

Broca’s Aphasia    •              Motor Aphasia intact comprehension

Brown-Sequard    •              hemisection of cord  (contralateral loss of pain & temp / ipsilateral loss of fine touch, UMN)

Bruton’s Disease •              X-linked agammaglobinemia

Budd-Chiari           •              post-hepatic venous thrombosis

Buerger’s Disease                •              acute inflammation of small, medium arteries  painful ischemia  gangrene

Burkitt’s Lymphoma           •              small noncleaved cell lymphoma   EBV

•              8:14 translocation

Caisson Disease    •              gas emboli

Chagas’ Disease    •              Trypansoma infection  sleeping disease, cardiomegaly with apical atrophy, achlasia

Chediak-Higashi Disease     •              Phagocyte Deficiency: neutropenia, albinism, cranial & peripheral neuropathy

•              repeated infections

Conn’s Syndrome                •              primary aldosteronism

Cori’s Disease       •              glycogen storage disease  (debranching enzyme deficiency)

Creutzfeldt-Jakob                •              prion infection  cerebellar & cerebral degeneration

Crigler-Najjar Syndrome    •              congenital hyperbilirubinemia (unconjugated)

•              glucuronyl transferase deficiency

Crohn’s •              IBD; ileocecum, transmural, skip lesions, lymphocytic infiltrate, granulomas

(contrast to UC: limited to colon, mucosa & submucosa, crypt abscesses, pseudopolyps, ¬ colon cancer risk)

Curling’s Ulcer      •              acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

Cushing’s               •              Disease: hypercorticism 2  to ¬ ACTH from pituitary (basophilic adenoma)

•              Syndrome: hypercorticism of all other causes (1  adrenal or ectopic)

Cushing’s Ulcer     •              acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS trauma

de Quervain’s Thyroiditis   •              self-limiting focal destruction (subacute thyroiditis)

DiGeorge’s Syndrome         •              thymic hypoplasia  T-cell deficiency

•              hypoparathyroidism

Down’s Syndrome               •              trisomy 21 or translocation

Dressler’s Syndrome           •              Post-MI Fibrinous Pericarditis  autoimmune

Dubin-Johnson Syndrome •              congenital hyperbilirubinemia (conjugated)

•              striking brown-to-black discoloration of the liver (centilobular portion)

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy         •              deficiency of dystrophin protein  MD    X-linked recessive

Edwards’ Syndrome            •              trisomy 18

•              rocker-bottom feet, low ears, heart disease

Ehler’s-Danlos       •              defective collagen

Eisenmenger’s Complex     •              late cyanotic shunt (RL) pulmonary HTN & RVH 2 to long-standing VSD, ASD, or PDA

Erb-Duchenne Palsy            •              trauma to superior trunk of brachial plexus  Waiter’s Tip

Ewing Sarcoma     •              undifferentiated round cell tumor of bone

Eyrthroplasia of Queyrat    •              carcinoma in situ on glans penis

Fanconi’s Syndrome            •              impaired proximal tubular reabsorption 2  to lead poisoning or Tetracycline  (glycosuria, hyperphosphaturia, aminoaciduria, systemic acidosis)

Felty’s Syndrome                 •              rheumatoid arthritis, neutropenia, splenomegaly

Gardner’s Syndrome           •              adenomatous polyps of colon plus osteomas & soft tissue tumors

Gaucher’s Disease                •              Lysosomal Storage Disease  glucocerebrosidase deficiency

•              hepatosplenomegaly, femoral head & long bone erosion, anemia

Gilbert’s Syndrome             •              benign congenital hyperbilirubinemia (unconjugated)

Glanzmann's Thrombasthenia           •              defective glycoproteins on platelets

Goodpasture’s      •              autoimmune: ab’s to glomerular & alveolar basement membranes

Grave’s Disease    •              autoimmune hyperthyroidism (TSI)

Guillain-Barre       •              idiopathic polyneuritis   (ascending muscle weakness & paralysis; usually self-limiting)

Hamman-Rich Syndrome   •              idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Hand-Schuller-Christian      •              chronic progressive histiocytosis

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis      •              autoimmune hypothyroidism

Hashitoxicosis       •              initial hyperthyroidism in Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis that precedes hypothyroidism

Henoch-Schonlein purpura                •              hypersensivity vasculitis

•              hemmorhagic urticaria (with fever, arthralgias, GI & renal involvement)

•              associated with upper respiratory infections

Hirschprung’s Disease         •              aganglionic megacolon

Horner’s Syndrome             •              ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis (lesion of cervical sympathetic nerves often 2 to a pancoaset tumour)

Huntington’s         •              progressive degeneration of caudate nucleus, putamen & frontal cortex; AD

Jacksonian Seizures             •              epileptic events originating in the primary motor cortex (area 4)

Job’s Syndrome    •              immune deficiency: neutrophils fail to respond to chemotactic stimuli

Kaposi Sarcoma    •              malignant vascular tumor  (HHV8 in homosexual men)

Kartagener’s Syndrome     •              immotile cilia 2 to defective dynein arms  infection, situs inversus, sterility

Kawasaki Disease                 •              mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (lips, oral mucosa)

Klinefelter’s Syndrome      •              47, XXY

Kluver-Bucy           •              bilateral lesions of amygdala (hypersexuality; oral behavior)

Krukenberg Tumor              •              adenocarcinoma with signet-ring cells (typically originating from the stomach) metastases to the ovaries

Laennec’s Cirrhosis              •              alcoholic cirrhosis

Lesch-Nyhan         •              HGPRT deficiency

•              gout, retardation, self-mutilation

Letterer-Siwe      •              acute disseminated Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis

Libman-Sacks        •              endocarditis with small vegetations on valve leaflets

•              associated with SLE

Lou Gehrig’s          •              Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis  degeneration of upper & lower motor neurons

Mallory-Weis Syndrome    •              bleeding from esophagogastric lacerations 2  to wretching (alcoholics)

Marfan’s                •              connective tissue defect

McArdle’s Disease               •              glycogen storage disease (muscle phosphorylase deficiency)

Meckel’s Diverticulum        •              rule of 2’s: 2 inches long, 2 feet from the ileocecum, in 2% of the population

•              embryonic duct origin; may contain ectopic tissue (gastric, pancreatic, etc.)

Meig’s Syndrome                 •              Triad: ovarian fibroma, ascites, hydrothorax

Menetrier’s Disease            •              giant hypertrophic gastritis (enlarged rugae; plasma protein loss)

Monckeberg’s Arteriosclerosis         •              calcification of the media (usually radial & ulnar aa.)

Munchausen Syndrome     •              factitious disorder (consciously creates symptoms, but doesn’t know why)

Nelson’s Syndrome             •              1  Adrenal Cushings  surgical removal of adrenals  loss of negative feedback to pituitary  Pituitary Adenoma

Niemann-Pick       •              Lysosomal Storage Disease  sphingomyelinase deficiency

•              “foamy histiocytes”

Osler-Weber-Rendu Syndrome        •              Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia

Paget’s Disease    •              abnormal bone architecture (thickened, numerous fractures  pain)

Pancoast Tumor   •              bronchogenic tumor with superior sulcus involvement  Horner’s Syndrome

Parkinson’s            •              dopamine depletion in nigrostriatal tracts

Peutz-Jegher’s Syndrome •              melanin pigmentation of lips, mouth, hand, genitalia plus hamartomatous polyps of small intestine

Peyronie’s Disease              •              subcutaneous fibrosis of dorsum of penis

Pick’s Disease        •              progressive dementia similar to Alzheimer’s

Plummer’s Syndrome         •              hyperthyroidism, nodular goiter, absence of eye signs  (Plummer’s = Grave’s - eye signs)

Plummer-Vinson                 •              esophageal webs & iron-deficiency anemia, ¬ SCCA of esophagus

Pompe’s Disease •              glycogen storage disease  cardiomegaly

Pott’s Disease       •              tuberculous osteomyelitis of the vertebrae

Potter’s Complex                •              renal agenesis  oligohydramnios  hypoplastic lungs, defects in extremities

Raynaud’s              •              Disease: recurrent vasospasm in extremities

•              Phenomenon: 2  to underlying disease (SLE or scleroderma)

Reiter’s Syndrome              •              urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis  non-infectious (but often follows infections), HLA-B27, polyarticular

Reye’s Syndrome                 •              microvesicular fatty liver change & encephalopathy

•              2  to aspirin ingestion in children following viral illness

Riedel’s Thyroiditis              •              idiopathic fibrous replacement of thyroid

Rotor Syndrome •              congenital hyperbilirubinemia (conjugated)

•              similar to Dubin-Johnson, but no discoloration of the liver

Sezary Syndrome                 •              leukemic form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides)

Shaver’s Disease •              aluminum inhalation  lung fibrosis

Sheehan’s Syndrome          •              postpartum pituitary necrosis

Shy-Drager            •              parkinsonism with autonomic dysfunction & orthostatic hypotension

Simmond’s Disease             •              pituitary cachexia

Sipple’s Syndrome               •              MEN type IIa (pheochromocytoma, thyroid medulla, parathyroid)

Sjogren’s Syndrome            •              triad: dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis  ¬ risk of B-cell lymphoma

Spitz Nevus           •              juvenile melanoma (always benign)

Stein-Leventhal   •              polycystic ovary

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome              •              erythema multiforme, fever, malaise, mucosal ulceration  (often 2 to infection or sulfa drugs)

Still’s Disease        •              juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (absence of rheumatoid factor)

Takayasu’s arteritis              •              aortic arch syndrome

•              loss of carotid, radial or ulnar pulses

Tay-Sachs               •              gangliosidosis  (hexosaminidase A deficiency  GM2 ganglioside)

Tetralogy of Fallot               •              VSD, overriding aorta, pulmonary artery stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy

Tourette’s Syndrome         •              involuntary actions, both motor and vocal

Turcot’s Syndrome              •              adenomatous polyps of colon plus CNS tumors

Turner’s Syndrome             •              45, XO

Vincent’s Infection              •              “trench mouth” - acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis

von Gierke’s Disease           •              glycogen storage disease (G6Pase deficiency)

von Hippel-Lindau               •              hemangioma (or hemangioblastoma)

•              adenomas of the viscera, especially renal cell carcinoma

von Recklinghausen’s          •              neurofibromatosis & café au lait spots

von Recklinghausen’s Disease of Bone            •              osteitis fibrosa cystica (“brown tumor”) 2  to hyperparathyroidism

von Willebrand’s Disease   •              defect in platelet adhesion 2  to deficiency in vWF

Waldenstrom’s macroglobinemia    •              proliferation of IgM-producing lymphoid cells

Wallenberg’s Syndrome     •              Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA) thrombosis    “Medullary Syndrome”

•              Ipsilateral: ataxia, facial pain & temp; Contralateral: body pain & temp

Waterhouse-Friderichsen •              catastrophic adrenal insufficiency 2  to hemorrhagic necrosis (eg, DIC)

•              often 2  to meningiococcemia

Weber’s Syndrome             •              Paramedian Infarct of Midbrain

•              Ipsilateral: mydriasis; Contralateral: UMN paralysis (lower face & body)

Wegener’s Granulomatosis               •              necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis of paranasal sinuses, lungs, kidneys, etc.

Weil’s Disease      •              leptospirosis

Wermer’s Syndrome          •              MEN type I (thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal cortex, pancreatic islets, pituitary)

Wernicke’s Aphasia             •              Sensory Aphasia  impaired comprehension

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome         •              thiamine deficiency in alcoholics; bilateral mamillary bodies   (confusion, ataxia, ophthalmoplegia)

Whipple’s Disease               •              malabsorption syndrome (with bacteria-laden macrophages) & polyarthritis

Wilson’s Disease •              hepatolenticular degeneration  (copper accumulation & decrease in ceruloplasmin)

Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome                •              immunodeficiency: combined B- &T-cell deficiency (thrombocytopenia & eczema)

Wolff-Chaikoff Effect           •              high iodine level (  )’s thyroid hormone synthesis

Zenker’s Diverticulum        •              esophageal; cricopharyngeal muscles above UES

Zollinger-Ellison    •              gastrin-secreting tumor of pancreas (or intestine)  ¬ acid  intractable ulcers, Increased gastrin + Increased Acid Output.

Most Common's in medical science: PG Lists©

1 Tumor arising from bone in adults             •              Multiple Myeloma

Adrenal Medullary Tumor – Adults •              Pheochromocytoma

Adrenal Medullary Tumor – Children              •              Neuroblastoma

Bacterial Meningitis – adults             •              Neisseria meningitidis

Bacterial Meningitis – elderly            •              Strep pneumoniae

Bacterial Meningitis – newborns      •              E. coli

Bacterial Meningitis – toddlers         •              Hib

Bone Tumors        •              Metasteses from Breast & Prostate

Brain Tumor – Child             •              Medulloblastoma  (cerebellum)

Brain Tumor –Adult             •              Astrocytoma (including Glioblastoma Multiforme) then: mets, meningioma, Schwannoma

Breast Carcinoma                •              Invasive Duct Carcinoma

Breast Mass          •              Fibrocystic Change  (Carcinoma is the most common is post-menopausal women)

Bug in Acute Endocarditis •              Staph aureus

Bug in debilitated, hospitalized pneumonia pt              •              Klebsiella

Bug in Epiglottitis                 •              Hib

Bug in GI Tract      •              Bacteroides   (2nd – E. coli)

Bug in IV drug user bacteremia / pneumonia                •              Staph aureus

Bug in PID              •              N. Gonnorrhoeae

Bug in Subacute Endocarditis            •              Strep Viridans

Cardiac 1 Tumor – Adults                 •              Myxoma  “Ball Valve”

Cardiac 1 Tumor – Child   •              Rhabdomyoma

Cardiac Tumor – Adults      •              Metasteses

Cardiomyopathy •              Dilated (Congestive) Cardiomyopathy

Cause of 2 HTN •              Renal Disease

Cause of Addison’s              •              Autoimmune (2nd – infection)

Cause of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia       •              21-Hydroxylase Deficiency  (then, 11-)

Cause of Cushings                •              Exogenous Steroid Therapy (then, 1 ¬ ACTH, Adrenal Adenoma, Ectopic ACTH)

Cause of death in Alzheimer pts      •              Pneumonia

Cause of death in Diabetics               •              MI

Cause of Death in SLE pts. •              Lupus Nephropathy Type IV (Diffuse Proliferative)

Cause of Dementia              •              Alzheimer’s

Cause of Dementia   (2nd most common)      •              Multi-Infarct Dementia

Cause of food poisoning     •              Staph aureus

Cause of mental retardation             •              Down’s

Cause of mental retardation (2nd most common)       •              Fragile X

Cause of preventable blindness       •              Chlamydia

Cause of Pulmonary HTN   •              COPD

Cause of SIADH     •              Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung

Chromosomal disorder      •              Down’s

Congenital cardiac anomaly               •              VSD (membranous > muscular)

Congenital early cyanosis   •              Tetralogy of Fallot

Coronary Artery thrombosis             •              LAD

Demyelinating Disease       •              Multiple Sclerosis

Dietary Deficiency               •              Iron

Disseminated opportunistic infection in AIDS               •              CMV  (Pneumocystis carinii is most common overall)

Esophageal cancer               •              SCCA

Fatal genetic defect in Caucasians    •              Cystic Fibrosis

Female Tumor      •              Leimyoma

Form of Amyloidosis           •              Immunologic (Bence Jones protein in multiple myeloma is also called the Amyloid Light Chain)

Form of Tularemia               •              Ulceroglandular

Gynecologic malignancy      •              Endometrial Carcinoma

Heart Murmur     •              Mitral Valve Prolapse

Heart Valve in bacterial endocarditis              •              Mitral

Heart Valve in bacterial endocarditis in IV drug users                 •              Tricuspid

Heart Valve involved in Rheumatic Fever      •              Mitral  then Aortic

Hereditary Bleeding Disorder           •              Von Willebrand’s Disease

Liver 1 Tumor    •              Hepatoma

Liver Disease        •              Alcoholic Liver Disease

Location of Adult brain tumors        •              Above Tentorium

Location of Childhood brain tumors                •              Below Tentorium

Lysosomal Storage Disease                •              Gaucher’s

Motor Neuron Disease       •              ALS

Neoplasm – Child                 •              Leukemia

Neoplasm – Child   (2nd most common)         •              Medulloblastoma of brain (cerebellum)

Nephrotic Syndrome          •              Membranous Glomerulonephritis

Opportunistic infection in AIDS        •              PCP

Ovarian Malignancy             •              Serous Cystadenoma

Ovarian Tumor     •              Hamartoma

Pancreatic Tumor                •              Adeno (usually in the head)

Patient with ALL / CLL / AML / CML               •              ALL - Child / CLL - Adult over 60 / AML - Adult over 60 / CML - Adult 35-50

Patient with Goodpasture’s              •              Young male

Patient with Reiter’s          •              Male

Pituitary Tumor   •              Prolactinoma  (2nd – Somatotropic “Acidophilic” Adenoma)

Primary Hyperparathyroidism          •              Adenomas (followed by: hyperplasia, then carcinoma)

Pt. With Hodgkin’s               •              Young Male (except Nodular Sclerosis type – Female)

Pt. With Minimal Change Disease    •              Young Child

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism      •              Hypocalcemia of Chronic Renal Failure

Sexually transmitted disease            •              Chlamydia

Site of Diverticula                •              Sigmoid Colon

Site of metastasis                •              Regional Lymph Nodes

Site of metastasis   (2nd most common)        •              Liver

Sites of atherosclerosis      •              Abdominal aorta > coronary > popliteal > carotid

Skin Cancer           •              Basal Cell Carcinoma

Stomach cancer    •              Adeno

Testicular Tumor •              Seminoma

Thyroid Cancer     •              Papillary Carcinoma

Tracheoesophageal Fistula                 •              Lower esophagus joins trachea / upper esophagus – blind pouch

Tumor of Infancy •              Hemangioma

Type of Hodkin’s •              Mixed Cellularity (versus: lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion, nodular sclerosis)

Type of Non-Hodgkin’s       •              Follicular, small cleaved

Vasculitis (of medium & small arteries)          •              Temporal Arteritis

Viral Encephalitis                 •              HSV

Most Common's in medical science: PG Lists©

1 Tumor arising from bone in adults             •              Multiple Myeloma

Adrenal Medullary Tumor – Adults •              Pheochromocytoma

Adrenal Medullary Tumor – Children              •              Neuroblastoma

Bacterial Meningitis – adults             •              Neisseria meningitidis

Bacterial Meningitis – elderly            •              Strep pneumoniae

Bacterial Meningitis – newborns      •              E. coli

Bacterial Meningitis – toddlers         •              Hib

Bone Tumors        •              Metasteses from Breast & Prostate

Brain Tumor – Child             •              Medulloblastoma  (cerebellum)

Brain Tumor –Adult             •              Astrocytoma (including Glioblastoma Multiforme) then: mets, meningioma, Schwannoma

Breast Carcinoma                •              Invasive Duct Carcinoma

Breast Mass          •              Fibrocystic Change  (Carcinoma is the most common is post-menopausal women)

Bug in Acute Endocarditis •              Staph aureus

Bug in debilitated, hospitalized pneumonia pt              •              Klebsiella

Bug in Epiglottitis                 •              Hib

Bug in GI Tract      •              Bacteroides   (2nd – E. coli)

Bug in IV drug user bacteremia / pneumonia                •              Staph aureus

Bug in PID              •              N. Gonnorrhoeae

Bug in Subacute Endocarditis            •              Strep Viridans

Cardiac 1 Tumor – Adults                 •              Myxoma  “Ball Valve”

Cardiac 1 Tumor – Child   •              Rhabdomyoma

Cardiac Tumor – Adults      •              Metasteses

Cardiomyopathy •              Dilated (Congestive) Cardiomyopathy

Cause of 2 HTN •              Renal Disease

Cause of Addison’s              •              Autoimmune (2nd – infection)

Cause of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia       •              21-Hydroxylase Deficiency  (then, 11-)

Cause of Cushings                •              Exogenous Steroid Therapy (then, 1 ¬ ACTH, Adrenal Adenoma, Ectopic ACTH)

Cause of death in Alzheimer pts      •              Pneumonia

Cause of death in Diabetics               •              MI

Cause of Death in SLE pts. •              Lupus Nephropathy Type IV (Diffuse Proliferative)

Cause of Dementia              •              Alzheimer’s

Cause of Dementia   (2nd most common)      •              Multi-Infarct Dementia

Cause of food poisoning     •              Staph aureus

Cause of mental retardation             •              Down’s

Cause of mental retardation (2nd most common)       •              Fragile X

Cause of preventable blindness       •              Chlamydia

Cause of Pulmonary HTN   •              COPD

Cause of SIADH     •              Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung

Chromosomal disorder      •              Down’s

Congenital cardiac anomaly               •              VSD (membranous > muscular)

Congenital early cyanosis   •              Tetralogy of Fallot

Coronary Artery thrombosis             •              LAD

Demyelinating Disease       •              Multiple Sclerosis

Dietary Deficiency               •              Iron

Disseminated opportunistic infection in AIDS               •              CMV  (Pneumocystis carinii is most common overall)

Esophageal cancer               •              SCCA

Fatal genetic defect in Caucasians    •              Cystic Fibrosis

Female Tumor      •              Leimyoma

Form of Amyloidosis           •              Immunologic (Bence Jones protein in multiple myeloma is also called the Amyloid Light Chain)

Form of Tularemia               •              Ulceroglandular

Gynecologic malignancy      •              Endometrial Carcinoma

Heart Murmur     •              Mitral Valve Prolapse

Heart Valve in bacterial endocarditis              •              Mitral

Heart Valve in bacterial endocarditis in IV drug users                 •              Tricuspid

Heart Valve involved in Rheumatic Fever      •              Mitral  then Aortic

Hereditary Bleeding Disorder           •              Von Willebrand’s Disease

Liver 1 Tumor    •              Hepatoma

Liver Disease        •              Alcoholic Liver Disease

Location of Adult brain tumors        •              Above Tentorium

Location of Childhood brain tumors                •              Below Tentorium

Lysosomal Storage Disease                •              Gaucher’s

Motor Neuron Disease       •              ALS

Neoplasm – Child                 •              Leukemia

Neoplasm – Child   (2nd most common)         •              Medulloblastoma of brain (cerebellum)

Nephrotic Syndrome          •              Membranous Glomerulonephritis

Opportunistic infection in AIDS        •              PCP

Ovarian Malignancy             •              Serous Cystadenoma

Ovarian Tumor     •              Hamartoma

Pancreatic Tumor                •              Adeno (usually in the head)

Patient with ALL / CLL / AML / CML               •              ALL - Child / CLL - Adult over 60 / AML - Adult over 60 / CML - Adult 35-50

Patient with Goodpasture’s              •              Young male

Patient with Reiter’s          •              Male

Pituitary Tumor   •              Prolactinoma  (2nd – Somatotropic “Acidophilic” Adenoma)

Primary Hyperparathyroidism          •              Adenomas (followed by: hyperplasia, then carcinoma)

Pt. With Hodgkin’s               •              Young Male (except Nodular Sclerosis type – Female)

Pt. With Minimal Change Disease    •              Young Child

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism      •              Hypocalcemia of Chronic Renal Failure

Sexually transmitted disease            •              Chlamydia

Site of Diverticula                •              Sigmoid Colon

Site of metastasis                •              Regional Lymph Nodes

Site of metastasis   (2nd most common)        •              Liver

Sites of atherosclerosis      •              Abdominal aorta > coronary > popliteal > carotid

Skin Cancer           •              Basal Cell Carcinoma

Stomach cancer    •              Adeno

Testicular Tumor •              Seminoma

Thyroid Cancer     •              Papillary Carcinoma

Tracheoesophageal Fistula                 •              Lower esophagus joins trachea / upper esophagus – blind pouch

Tumor of Infancy •              Hemangioma

Type of Hodkin’s •              Mixed Cellularity (versus: lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion, nodular sclerosis)

Type of Non-Hodgkin’s       •              Follicular, small cleaved

Vasculitis (of medium & small arteries)          •              Temporal Arteritis

Viral Encephalitis                 •              HSV

              maximum carotid artery flow which can be achieved with cpr 25 to 33 percentage of normal.

              Generalized numbness of oral cavity is pathognomic sign of toxicity of local anaesthesia which is due to direct effect of high blood level of local anaesthesia rather than effect on cns

              maximum dose of phenylepinephrine for normal patients is 4 mg and for heart patient is 1.6 mg

              Dyclonine Hcl it has a ketone no cross sensitivity so it can be given to patient with known sensitivity to other local anaesthesia

              amide local anaesthesia are contra indicated in patient with malignant hyper thermia

              articaine  only anaesthesia with thiophene ring. Contra indicated in patient allergy to sulphur drugs

              cardiac lidocaine = lidocaine + sodium chloride.

              An analogue of lidocaine which is effective orally is tocainide 

              centbucridine no cns or cvs effect

              tetracaine compatible with sulfonamide. And procaine decreases effectively of sulfonamide

              uncharged fat soluble form is required to diffuse through nerve sheath and cell membrane

              degree of anaesthesia  doesnt depend on concentration of local anaesthesia but on molar concentration of local anaesthesia in contact with nerve membrane

              perineurium is major barrier to diffusion of local anaesthesia into nerve membrane

              and perilema is major diffusion barrier within nerve trunk ( most confusing question in mcq )

              nerve block by local anaesthesia is non depolarizing nerve block

              local anaesthesia lengthen refractory period decrease amplitude of action potential and increase firing threshold 

              Oshsenbein Luebke flap is combination of semilunar and vertical incision

              envelope flap has no vertical incision used for posterior mandibular and palatal surgery also known as bayonet flap

              during extraction of maxilary primary anterior teeth no little pressure should be placed lingualy as permanent teeth lie lingualy to it

              auto transplantation or tooth autograft is transplantation from one position to another within same mouth

              long winter elevator used for removing mandibular molar only

              rule of two's:

adrenocortical suppression should be suspected if patient has recvd steroid therapy thr' 2 of following mthds--*20 mg cortisone

*for 2 wk/ longer

*within 2 yr of dental therapy.this rule allows to predict d risk for acute adrenal insufficiency.

              maxilary sinus first paranasal sinus to develop. It grow lateraly from middle meatus of nasal cavity at 17 day intra uterine and start developing at 3 month intra uterine

its volume 15 ml size 34*33*23 ( L,H,W) . It opens in posterior end of hiatus semilunaris in middle meatus of nasal cavity between middle and inferior nasal conchae. In infants the floor of sinus is higher than floor of nose so better drainage.

              Sinusitis of non odontogenic origin will have mainly aerobes and odontogenic origin will have mainly anaerobes.

              fracture due to unilateral condylar fracture will have positive battle sign on ipsilateral mastoid

              unilateral condylar fracture are associated with fracture of parasymphyses on contra lateral side.

              In le fort  1 ,2 ,3 only mild swelling of face occur but not massive oedema occur.

              nitrous oxide is given in mixture of 66 n2o and 33 o2. Min percentage of 33 oxygen is given otherwise severe hypoxia will occur.

Blood gas coefficient = 0.47

Mac = 104 %

no depression of cvs is seen. And can be used safely in cardiac patient and shock

it raises intra cranial pressure.

Causes tachypnoe. Liver and kidney no defect. In activate vitamin b12. Aplastic megaloblastic anemia contraindicated in

middle ear surgery

posterior fossa surgeries

eye surgeries

middle ear surgery

laryngoscopic surgery .  

Pneumothorax.

              following flaps are used for repair of large lip defect

lip switch abbe estlander flap

karapandzic flap

webster Or bernard repair

              full thickness flap which denude bone result in superficial bone necrosis at 1 to 3 days. Osteoclastic resorbtion follows and reaches peak at 4 to 6 days declining there after. This result in loss of bone of about 1mm the bone loss is greater if the bone is thin.

              dry socket other name fibrinolytic alveolitis, alveolar osteitis, alveoloalgia, localized acute alveolar osteomyelitis. Starts 3 to 5 days after extraction and last for 7 to 14 days

incidence is 3 to 4 percent and is more common in females . Although males have twice as many teeth extracted as female. Other factors are smoking , traumatic devitalization of socket wall.   Routine use of anti biotics is not recommended as major problem is pain control and not un controlled infections

              Glass gow comma scale ( most important )

              EVM

              EYE

              VERBAL

              MOTOR

              EYE OPENING (PASS )

              NONE 1

              PAIN 2

              SPEECH 3

              SPONTANEOUS 4

              BEST VERBAL RESPONSE  ( SOUND WORDS CONFUSED O BREIN )

              NONE 1

              SOUND 2

              WORDS 3

              CONFUSED 4

              ORIENTED 5

              MOTOR RESPONSE (EFWLO)

              NONE 1

              EXTENSION 2

              FLEXION 3

              WITHDRAWS TO PAIN 4

              LOCALIZE PAIN 5

              OBEYS RESPONSE 6

FATHERS

Public health  ::  CHOLERA

Epidemology  ::  JOHN SNOW

Dentistry  ::  GREENE VARDIMAN BLACK

Health statistics  ::  JOHN GRUNT

Oral hygiene  ::  LEVI SPEAR PARMLY

Medicine  ::  HIPPOCRATES

Surgery  ::  AMBROISE PARE

Antiseptic surgery  ::  JOSEPH LISTNER

Medical Microbiology  ::  LOUIS PASTEUR

Bacteriology  ::  ROBERT KOCH

Vaccination  ::  EDWARD JENNER

Antomy  ::  HEROPHILLUS

Modern Anatomy  ::  ANDREWS VERSALIS

Modern Pathology  ::  RUDOLF VIRCHOW

Modern Orthodontics  ::  EDWARD H ANGLE

Serial extraction  ::  KJELLGREN

Serial extraction philosophy in USA  ::  NANCY

Rapid maxillary expansion  ::  EMERSON C ANGELL

Father of Indian Dentistry is - Dr.Rafidin Ahmed.

Pierre Fauchard (1678 – March 22, 1761) was a significant French physician, credited as being the "father of modern dentistry".

The Father of Modern Dentistry - Dr. Greene Vardiman Black(1836-1915).(Legends)

house classification of patients :

To learn remember the mnemonic PICS (FROM IDEAL TO WORST )

Philosophical ideal they know dentist will do best

indifferent seek treatment on insistence of family member

critical find fault in everything. Never happy

skeptical had bad result with previous dentist often in poor health.

The mnemonic is Pics  (picture or photos )

0.7-1.2 ppm...recommended flouride level for anticarious action

1.5-3.0 ppm....mild flourosis

3.0-8.00 ppm....sever dental and mild skeletal flourosis

8.00ppm&more....severe dental and skeletal flourosis

4.5-6.3ppm....school water flouridation

225 ppm....water flouridation

900 ppm.....mouth rinses

7000 ppm....flourprotector

9200 ppm....sodium flouride

12,300 ppm....APF gel

19,500 ppm...stannous flouride

22,600 ppm....duraphat

3.5ppm milk fluoridation

Albumino-Cytologic Dissociation      •              Guillain-Barre   (markedly increased protein in CSF with only modest increase in cell count)

Antiplatelet Antibodies     •              idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

Arachnodactyly    •              Marfan’s

Aschoff Bodies      •              rheumatic fever

Auer Rods             •              acute promyelocytic leukemia  (AML type M3)

Autosplenectomy                •              sickle cell anemia

Babinski                 •              UMN lesion

Basophilic Stippling of RBCs               •              lead poisoning

Bence Jones Protein           •              multiple myeloma   free light chains (either kappa or lambda)

•              Waldenstrom’s macroglobinemia

Birbeck Granules •              histiocytosis X (eosinophilic granuloma)

Blue Bloater          •              Chronic Bronchitis

Boot-Shaped Heart             •              Tetralogy of Fallot

Bouchard’s Nodes                •              osteoarthritis (PIP)

Boutonniere’s Deformity   •              rheumatoid arthritis

Brown Tumor       •              hyperparathyroidism

Brushfield Spots   •              Down’s

Call-Exner Bodies                 •              granulosa cell tumor

Cardiomegaly with Apical Atrophy •              Chagas’ Disease

Chancre                 •              1  Syphilis

Chancroid              •              Haemophilus ducreyi

Charcot Triad        •              multiple sclerosis    (nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech)

Charcot-Leyden Crystals    •              bronchial asthma

Cheyne-Stokes Breathing •              cerebral lesion

Chocolate Cysts    •              endometriosis

Chvostek’s Sign    •              Hypocalcemia  facial spasm in tetany

Clue Cells               •              Gardnerella vaginitis

Codman’s Triangle               •              osteosarcoma

Cold Agglutinins   •              Mycoplasma pneumoniae

•              infectious mononucleosis

Condyloma Lata   •              2  Syphilis

Cotton Wool Spots              •              HTN

Councilman Bodies              •              dying hepatocytes

Crescents In Bowman’s Capsule       •              rapidly progressive (crescentic glomerulonephritis)

Currant-Jelly Sputum          •              Klebsiella

Curschmann’s Spirals          •              bronchial asthma

Depigmentation Of Substantia Nigra              •              Parkinson’s

Donovan Bodies   •              granuloma inguinale (STD)

Eburnation            •              osteoarthritis (polished, ivory-like appearance of bone)

Ectopia Lentis       •              Marfan’s

Erythema Chronicum Migrans          •              Lyme Disease

Fatty Liver             •              Alcoholism

Ferruginous Bodies             •              asbestosis

Ghon Focus / Complex       •              Tuberculosis (1  & 2  , respectively)

Gower’s Maneuver             •              Duchenne’s MD  use of arms to stand

Heberden’s Nodes              •              Osteoarthritis (DIP)

Heinz Bodies         •              G6PDH Deficiency

Hemorrhagic Urticaria        •              Henoch-Schonlein

Heterophil Antibodies        •              infectious mononucleosis (EBV)

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•              infectious mononucleosis (EBV)       

Hirano Bodies       •              Alzheimer’s

Hypersegmented PMNs     •              Megaloblastic anemia

Hypochromic Microcytic RBCs           •              iron-deficiency anemia

Jarisch-Herxheimer Reaction            •              Syphilis  over-aggressive treatment of an asymptomatic pt. that causes symptoms 2 to rapid lysis

Joint Mice              •              osteoarthritis   (fractured osteophytes)

Kaussmaul Breathing          •              acidosis

Keratin Pearls       •              SCCA

Keyser-Fleischer Ring          •              Wilson’s

Kimmelstiel-Wilson Nodules             •              diabetic nephropathy

Koilocytes              •              HPV

Koplik Spots          •              measles

Lewy Bodies         •              Parkinson’s   (eosinophilic inclusions in damaged substantia nigra cells)

Lines of Zahn        •              arterial thrombus

Lisch Nodules       •              neurofibromatosis (von Recklinhausen’s disease)

Lumpy-Bumpy IF Glomeruli               •              poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

McBurney’s Sign   •              appendicitis (McBurney’s Point is 2/3 of the way from the umbilicus to anterior superior iliac spine)

Michealis-Gutmann Bodies                •              Malakoplakia

Monoclonal Antibody Spike               •              multiple myeloma   this is called the M protein (usually IgG or IgA)

•              MGUS

Myxedema            •              hypothyroidism

Negri Bodies         •              rabies

Neuritic Plaques •              Alzheimer’s

Neurofibrillary Tangles       •              Alzheimer’s

Non-pitting Edema              •              Myxedema

•              Anthrax Toxin

Notching of Ribs   •              Coarctation of Aorta

Nutmeg Liver       •              CHF

Painless Jaundice                 •              pancreatic CA (head)

Pannus   •              rheumatoid arthritis

Pautrier’s Microabscesses •              mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma)

Philadelphia Chromosome                •              CML

•              ALL

Pick Bodies            •              Pick’s Disease

Pink Puffer            •              Emphysema      Centroacinar – smoking    Panacinar - 1-antitrypsin deficiency

Podagra                 •              gout (MP joint of hallux)

Port-Wine Stain   •              Hemangioma

Posterior Anterior Drawer Sign       Hemangioma

Posterior Anterior Drawer Sign       •              tearing of the ACL

Psammoma Bodies              •              Papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid

•              Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary

•              Meningioma

•              Mesothelioma

Pseudohypertrophy            •              Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Punched-Out Bone Lesions               •              multiple myeloma

Rash on Palms & Soles        •              2 Syphilis

•              RMSF

Red Morning Urine              •              paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Reed-Sternberg Cells          •              Hodgkin’s Disease

Reid Index Increased           •              chronic bronchitis

Reinke Crystals     •              Leydig cell tumor

Rouleaux Formation           •              multiple myeloma  RBC’s stacked as poker chips

S3 Heart Sound    •              LR Shunt (VSD, PDA)

•              Mitral Regurg

•              LV Failure

S4 Heart Sound    •              Pulmonary Stenosis

•              Pulmonary HTN

Schwartzman Reaction       •              Neisseria meningitidis impressive rash with bugs

Simian Crease       •              Down’s

Smith Antigen      •              SLE  (also anti-dsDNA)

Soap Bubble on X-Ray         •              giant cell tumor of bone

Spike & Dome Glomeruli   •              membranous glomerulonephritis

String Sign on X-ray             •              Crohn’s  bowel wall thickening

Target Cells           •              Thalassemia

Tendinous Xanthomas        •              Familial Hypercholesterolemia

Thyroidization of Kidney    •              chronic pyelonephritis

Tophi      •              gout

Tram-Track Glomeruli         •              membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

Trousseau’s Sign   •              visceral ca, classically pancreatic (migratory thrombophlebitis)

•              hypocalcemia (carpal spasm)

These are two entirely different disease processes and different signs, but they unfortunately have the same name.

Virchow’s Node   •              supraclavicular node enlargement by metastatic carcinoma of the stomach

Warthin-Finkeldey Giant Cells          •              Measles

WBC Casts             •              pyelonephritis

Wire Loop Glomeruli          •              lupus nephropathy, type IV

¬ AFP in amniotic fluid or mother’s serum     •              Spina Bifida

•              Anencephaly

¬ Uric Acid             •              Gout

•              Lesch Nyhan

•              Myeloproliferative Disorders

•              Diuretics (Loop & Thiazides)

 FEV1/FVC           •              COPD

STARY SKY APPEARANCE : HISTOLOGICAL APP. of Burkit's lymphoma

Plump endothelial cells in : Kaposi sarcoma

Most common malignancy in AIDS: Kaposi sarcoma   Reply    Reply With Quote         .

Cotton wool Appearance radiog.>>>Paget's disease

Ground Gl*** app>>>fibrous dysplasia and hyperparathyroidism

Eye's looking towards heaven : cherubism        .

Keratocanthoma most commonly occcurs on lip(AIPG 2009)            .

black beard sign seen in paget disease.(CDC 2009)

Histiocytosis y -verrucous xanthoma

Histiocytosis X-eosinophilic granuloma PUNJAB pg 010

lava flowing around boulders-TYPEI dentin dysplasia RADICULAR  

vanderwoude syndrome-cleft lip and palate,lip pits           .

Another name for spindle cell carcinoma-collision tumour.spindle cell carcinoma is a variant of SCC,(MAHE 2009)   Reply    Reply With Quote         .

sun burst appearance-osteosarcoma

approximately 90% of supernumerary teeth occurs in maxilla PGI 2010   Reply    Reply With Quote         .

capdepont teeth-dentinogenesis imperfecta           .

thistle tube appearance of pulp chambers-coronal dentin dysplasia   Reply    Reply With Quote         .

sharpened pencil appearance of condyle is seen in rheumatoid arthritis(pb 2010)

Hollowing out of ramus>>>>dentigerous cyst

Picket fence or "tomb" stone appearance >>>> OKC

highest recurrence rate>>> OKC>>>parakeratinized form            .

salt and pepper appearance-thalesaemia

target cells,safety pin cells are seen in thaelesemia           .

target lesions are seen in erythema multiforme  

compound odontoma>>>>>tooth like>>>>anterior maxila

complex odontoma>>>>>>no similarity>>>>>post. maxilla

Compound odontome is most common odontogenic tumour  

Mandibular foramen is usually not recognized on iopa 

The microscopic appearance of congenital epulis of new born closely resembles granular cell myoblastoma 

If the antibody localizes in intercellular cementing substance-pemphigus vulgaris

if the antibody localizes to basement membrane-bullous pemphigoid  

False /induced anodontia-multiple extracted teeth

pseudoanodontia-multiple unerupted teeth

Most common malignancy in males >>> Lung cancer

most common malignancy in males in india >>>> oral cancer       .

most common oral cancer >>> SCC

most common congenital anomaly-fissured tongue  

facial pigmentation and carcinoma of lip-xeroderma pigmentosum

abnormal DEJ is seen in dentinogenesis imperfecta   Reply    Reply With Quote         .

macrognathia is seen in:- paget disease, acromegaly, gigantism            .

temporal arteritis-jaw claudication,dull boring in character,pain in jaw   Reply    Reply With Quote         .

distortion /perversion in taste-dysguesia

oblique facial cleft-non fusion of maxillary process with lateral nasal process   Reply    Reply With Quote         .

*lower jaw and lower lips are the first parts of face to form.they result from merging of medial ends of mandibular process in median plane.

upper lip formed by 2 medial nasal process and 2 maxillary process

frontonasal process takes part in formation -forehead,bridge of nose

maxillary process-cheeks,lateral portion of upper lip

medial nasal process-philtrumof upper lip,nasal septum,tip of nose

mandibular process-lower lip and lower cheek region   Reply    Reply With Quote         .

*multiple areas of desquamation of filiform papilla-benign migratory glossitis or geographic tongue

atrophy of filiform papilla with normal or engorged fungiform papillae-Riboflavin or B2 deficiency

Hypertrophy of filiform papillea from 1mm to 15 mm-black hairy tongue ,lingua villosa

Swollen ,hyperemic fungiform papillae-strawberry tongue scarlet fever

Familial dysautotonommia-absence of fungiform and circumvallate papillae.   Reply    Reply With Quote         .

*staging of OSTEOSARCOMA

Stage-1 low grade lesions

Stage II-high grade lesions

Stage III-metastatic disease

Substages

A-intramedullary lesioin

B-local extramedullary lesion

SITE

distal proximity-best prognosis

distal femur-inttermediate prognosis

axial skelton-worst prognosis

*hemangiomaas are associated with the following syndromes

-RENDU OSLER WEBER SYNDROME

-STURGE WEBER SYNDROME

-KASABACH MERIT SYNDROME   Reply    Reply With Quote         .

herculean appearance-congental myotonia   Reply    Reply With Quote         .

ageusia-complete loss of taste

hypoguesia-impairement of senseof taste

dysguesia-distortion orperversion in the perception of taste

phantoguesia(aiims 2009) perception of taste in absence of taste

cacoguesia-bad taste

torquoguesis-twisted taste   Reply    Reply With Quote         .

hypermobilty of joints is seen in - OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA, MARFAN SYNDROME, DOWN SYNDROME

hypomobility of joints is seen in - achondroplasia   Reply    Reply With Quote         .

wrist drop or foot drop appearance is seen in lead poisoning

cafealeut spots are seen in - neurofibroma, polystotic fibrous dysplasia, peutz jeugher syyndrome, hypothyroidism

fish faceappearance -treacher collin syndrome

herculean appearance-congenital myotonia

sorrow ful appearance-myaesthenia gravis

bird face-bilateral tmj ankylosis,treacher collin syndrome,piere robin syndrome

mask like face-bells palsy ,scleroderma   Reply    Reply With Quote         .

test tube rete pegs-dilantin hyperplasis

saw tooth rete pegs-lichen planus

absence of rete pegs-oral submmucous fibrosis   Reply    Reply With Quote         .

selenium causes increase in th dental caries rate while vanadium decreases the dental caries rate   Reply    Reply With Quote         .

epidermoid cysts are seen in - gardner syndrome, basal cell nevus syndrome, pachyonychia congenita

*malignant melanoma cl***ification(PGI 2009)

level I-tumor is confined to epidermis and is present above basement membrane

level II-tumor is confined to papillary epidermis,tumor is in radial growth phase

levelIII-tumor cells found through out papillary dermis with impingement on the reticular dermis

tumor iis in verical growth phase

level IV-tumor cells are clearly in reticular dermis

level V -tumor cells shows invasion of subcutaneous fat

*cereberiform tongue tongue is seen in pemphigus vegetans

pale cells/dark cells-myxoma            .

glycogen free clear cells-acinic cell carcinoma

glycogen rich clear cells-lateral periodontal cyst,gingival cyst of adult   Reply    Reply With Quote         .

tissue microcyst -cryptococossis  

reily bodies-hurler's syndrome

trummerfield zone-vitamin c deficiency