ORAL MEDICINE AND RADIOLOGY KEY POINTS

in ocipitomental view trapnell line run along inferior border of mandible from angle to angle

40 percent demineralisation is required for radiographic detection of leison and minimal depth of detectable lesion is 500 micro mete

when producing radiograph to detect sialolith exposure time should be reduced to half of normal. This help in detecting stone that are lightly calcified

radiolucency with poorly defined ragged border
traumatic bone cyst
osteomyelitis
multiple myeloma
peri apical cyst or granuloma

oss of hair on exposure to radiation is epilation

increase in kvp increases density and reduce contrast

optimum temperature for developing radiographic film is 68 F

dental radiograph film least sensitive to red and yellow and most sensitive to blue and green

canthomeatal line joining external auditory meatus to outer canthus of eye

trans pharyngeal view is parma or Mc queen

trans orbital is zimer projection with advantage of less super imposition

thickness of emulsion used for IOPA X RAY FILM is 0.7mm

after taking radiograph an operator should wait zero minutes before entering a room where dental radiograph is taken

permitted divergence in bisecting angle technique is 20 percent

permissible range of magnification in fore shortening is upto 2mm

over head lights are put on after 2 minutes of fixation during processiog 

in treatment of oral cancer fraction of total dose in each appointment is in range of 150 rad

using b film if exposure is 1R the exposure using d film will be 1/4 R.


all of following form radiolucent stone except
xanthine
cysteine
allopurinol
orotic acid
AIIMS-03

Answer is D

most radiosensitive cell among following are
basal cell of oral mucosa
spermatocytes
vascular epithelial  cells
inner enamel epithelium of developing tooth

answer is a  

after short term irradiation is completed mucosa begin to heal the healing is usually completed by 2 month

taste acuity usually decrease by factor of 1000 to 10000 during the coarse of radio activity .

key hole view transpharyngeal infracranial view parma mc queen projection

caldwell view for frontal sinus

rheese view or oblique / optic foramen view

trans cranial view posterior auricular approach of Lindblom

trans orbital view zimmer projection tmj

sialolith = cross sectional oclusal view

miller technique two radiograph perpendicular to each other

the rate of loss of energy from particle as it moves through irradiated material is linear energy transfer. The dose required to produce a certain biologic effect is reduced as linear energy transfer of radiation is increased

alpha rays have higher linear energy transfer and are more damaging to biologic system than x rays

0.2 to0.8 percent of cathode rays are transformed into x rays after striking anode target

average wavelength of x rays used in dentistry is 0.6 to 1 Au

kvp control the wavelength and penetration power of x rays

kvp increased x ray of short wavelength produced and penetration power ishigher  (hard x rays )

density is directly proportional to milli ampere and kvp  and inversely to focal spot

exposure time is inversely proportional to kvp and ma and directly proportional tosquare of focal spot film
      distance

the useful range of density for a dental x ray is 0.3 to 2

density increase with increase in film fog

thomson effect or classical effect or coherent scattering energy of scattered photon is equal to energy of incident photon
it account for 8 percent of total interaction and photo electric absorption account for 30 percent of interaction and compton scattering form 62 percent so is the major source of secondary radiation

ionization chamber film badges and thermoluminiscent dosimeter are method to measure radiation exposure

SI UNIT ::
absorbed dose - Gray
equivalent dose - sievert
radioactivity - becquerel
exposure columb/kg.

The mnemonic is AGES
absorbed dose - gray
equivalent dose - sievert

about two third of radiation induced biologic damage result from indirect effect

maximum permission dose for skin in 1 year is 15 rem
(1 siev= 100 rem )

maximum permission dose for gonad / bone marrow in 1 year is 5 rem

maximum permission dose for whole body for radiation workers in 1 year is 5 rem

maximum permission dose for gestation period in relation to foetus is0.5 rem

maximum permission dose for whole body for general public in 1 year is0.5 rem

maximum permission ford for whole body for radiation worker in 1 week 0.1 rem

the amount of radiation necessary to produce a noticeable skin reaction is called as Erythema dose. The skin erythema dose is 300 to 400R

mean exposure radiation from pantomograph 90mR

in treatment of oral cancer fraction of total dose given in each appointment is in range of 150 rads

umbra image clearity
penumbra dull zone

the distance of safe light from working area in dark room is 4 feet

a typical full mouth set of radiograph involves 21 films including 3rd molar

horizontal angulation of beam primarily influence the degree of overlapping of images of crown at inter proximal space

radiation exposure is less for panoramic radiography compared to ct scan. it is highest for arthography.  



smv gives diagnostic information about zygoma zygomatic arche and mandible. This film is taken with SOURCE BELOW MANDIBLE and FILM ABOVE THE HEAD

WATERS VIEW one of best films for radiographic diagnosis of mid facial fracture

cervical burn out refer to diffuse radiolucent area with ill defined border that may be apparent radiographically on mesial or distal aspect of teeth in cervical region between cervical edge of enamel cap and crest of alveolar ridge. It is caused by normal configuration of affected teeth (the cemento enamel junction which result in decrease x say absorption in those areas


if tube head is directed at floor it is called as plus angulation and if toward ceiling it is minus angulation

excessive vertical angulation causes foreshortened images while insufficient angulation causes elongated images

colimation donot reduce amount of radiation received by exposed tissue but reduce the radiation to surrounding tissue due to x ray beam divergence.

Filteration reduce patient dose decreases contrast and decreases density of the film. It increases penetration quality of beam by absorbing longer wavelength x rays so they will be less penetrating also

half value layer is an indicator of quality of an x ray beam

increasing kvp reduce subject contrast and (longer  scale of contrast ) and decreasing kvp increase subject contrast and shorter the scale of contrast

the function of developing solution is to reduce silver halide to crystal of pure silver while function of fixing solution is to stop development and dissolve remaining pure silver crystal


for computer tomography image is recorded and displayed as matrix of individual blocks called as voxel . Each square of image matrix is called as pixel

for image display each pixel is assigned with a CT number representing density . And these number are HOUNSFIELD units. Each constitute a different level of optical density. This scale of relative density is based on AIR. -1000, water 0 and dense bone +1000

to convert two dimensional CT Image into three dimensional image each rectangular solid voxel is dimensionally altered into multiple cuboidal voxel. And this is interpolation.

The most extreme form of dens invaginatus is referred as dilated odontome

chloroma foci of leukemic cells presenting mass and may behave as localized malignant tumor

ARCELIN INTRODUCED SIALOGRAPHY 1913

Calcification OF BASAL GANGLION in Hypoparathyroidi

the periapical radiograph in area of maxilary canine shows Y LINE OF ENNIS a radio opaque line formed by super imposition of floor of maxilary sinus and nasal cavity

in panoramic smiling appearance when chin is tilted downward and frowning appearance when chin is tilted upward

narrow angle tomography is called zonography

with linear tomograms there are some deficiency as  compared with tomograms produced by other typeof movements as with linear tomogram there appear streaks and these streaks are called as PARASITE LINES

 MACH BAND = INCIPIENT OCCLUSAL CARIES

Donath seifort adeno carcinoma epithelial myoepithelial ca of intercalated origin

gee herter disaese = celiac disease in child

polycytaemia vera = vaque disaese osler disease

PRIMARY THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA = WERLHOFF diease

HAEMOPHILLAIA A-- AHG DEFICIENCY
HAEMOPHILLIA B PTC DEFICIENCY
HAEMPOPHILLIA C - PTA DEFICIENCY



BUTTLER FIEELD ZONE THEORY ( ANODONTIA) DISTAL TOOTH OF GP IS AAFCETED EG 2,5,8 BUT IN MANDIBULAR INCISOR EXCEPTION EXIST WHERE CENTRAL INCISOR ARE MISSING THAN LATERAL



MICRODONTIA = 2,8

ALL CNS INVOLVEMENT IN CHILDREN

AML WORST PROGNOSIS

CHLROMA LEUKEMIA INVOLVING BONE MARROW ORBIT AND SKULL

haemophillia = hapsberg disaese or disease of kings

chondroectodermal dsplasia = ellis crevan syndrome

white sponge nevus = cannon disease

TAURODONTISM IN NEANDERTHAL MAN



incotinentia pigmenti= block sulzberg syndrome

ehler danlos syndrome = cutis hyperelastica

systemic sclerosis = hidebound disaese

argyll robertson pupil = neurosyphillis

cori disease = tb

crushman spirals = in sputum asthma

haberdon nodes = osteoarthritis

donovan body = granulosum ingunale

saddle nose = syphillis

phillithisis = TB OF LUNG

ACUTE ANGIOEDEMA = TREATMENT DANZOL

INCREASE SERUM ACID PHOSPHATASE = PROSTATIC CANCER

RECURRENT APTHOUS ULECR = S SANGUIS


AAMILIAL = ABSENCE OF FUNGIFORM CIRCUMVALLATE AND TASTE BUDS

HECK DISEASE PAPOVA VIRUS

EPHELIS = INCRAESE MELANIN IN BASAL LAYERS


HYPOTHYROIDISM = MACROGLOSSIA SEEN

PARRY ROMBER LEFT SIDE MORE COMMON

PEUTZ JEGHER - SMALL INTESTINE POLYP , GARNER LARGE INTESTINE POLYP




dermatilitis herpetiformis = duhring brocqs disease

junctional epidermolysis bullosa = herlitz disaesee

myospherulosis is complication of healing extraction wound in which there has been placed antibiotic oitment wityh petroleum base

Fibromatosis gingivae = elephant gingivae

kimura disease = eosinophillic lymphoid granuloma

spindle cell carcinoma= lane tumour / pseudosarcoma

central ossifying fibroma= central fibroosteoma

peripheral giant cell granuloma = osteoclastoma giant cell epulis pgc repairative granuloma


adenoid scc = adenoacanthoma

dens evaginatus = tratman odontome


north american blastomycosis = gilehrist disease

south american blastomycosis = lutz paracoccoidiomycosis

cryptocossis = european blastomycosis


traumatic cyst = unicameral bone cyst  solitary bone cyst simple cyst

osteogenesis imperfecta = lobstein disease

cleidocranial disease = marie santon disease


progreria= hutinson gilford syndrome


marfan syndrome - arachnodactyly

x ray in low dose increase healing and high dose decrease healing

compound containing free sh group increases healing



cushing syndome hyperfunction of adrenal gland

cowden syndrome : consider as tumor marker for breast cancer
bowen disease in patient with arsenic poisoning

mobius syndrome abducent nerve also involved

congenital myotonia also called thomson disease

costen syndrome increase sizee of styloid proces

frey syndrome is also called as dupuy syndrome

horton syndrome also called as sphenopalatine neuralgia vidian nerve neuralgia

progeria also calledas hutninson gilford disaese

acute insufficiency of adrenal cortex causes waterhouse friedschen syndrome and chronic is due to addison disease

teeth of tb patient have higher content of zinc

manganese especially found in liver necessary for activation of pase for part of enzyme arginase

bantu siderosis by ingestion of home made beer fermented in iron pots

copper deficiency menke disease ( steely or kinky hair syndrome

cirate help in absorption and calcification of bones



Hand sschuller and eosinophillic granuloma both are non neoplastic but eosinophillic granuloma is unifocal or solitary leison


lipid proteinases- inability of child to cry at birth waxy nodule on skin , intracarnial calcification above pitutary fossa


kwashiorkar caries free mouth


chromium  potentiate insulin action


Every syndrome assosiated with 3rd molars erupting


gardener syndrome associated with sebaceous cyst

sipple syndrome : mucosal neuroma, medullary carcinoma of thyroid and pheocytochroma


talon cusp u/l permanent incisor on lingual surface

arch most affcted by caries is maxillary arch
nevus most common is intradermal

upper most commonly crowded tooth is maxillary canine
supernumary primary teeth = max lateral incisor

sturge weber dis = assoiated with 5th nerve
rendu osler weber syndrome spider like telengiadctesis epistasis and


 bleeding occuring



cherubism chrmosome 4, marfan sxndrme chromosome 15 and osteogenesis imperfecta chromosome 19 ,

peutz jegher syndrome mutation of stk11 gene location on  19, van de woude syndrome 1

dentigenesis imperfecta gene map to chromosome 4 dat encode protein dentin sialophosphoprotein

amelogenesis imperfecta due to defective gene amelogenin closely linked to locus DxS85 at Xp 22


The antibody formed in primary response is predominately igM and in secondary response is igG,

serum sickness differ from other type of hypersensitivity reaction single injection can serve both sensiting dose and shocking dose

igM has pentameric structure

immunoglobulin smaller L chain has molecular weight of 25000 and heavy H chain of 50,000. L chain attached to H chain by disulphide bond. The two H chain joined by 1-5 S-S bond.


The function of IgD is antigen recognization by B cell

the reaginic antibody is IgE , it doesnt fix any complement.

CD 3 expressed by T cells, CD 19 by B cells CD 64 expressed by granulocyte CD 68 by macrophage

interleukin 8 neutrophil chemotactic factor

interleukin 5 proliferation of eosinophil, stimulate igA and igM production

catalase test distinguish streptococi frm staphylococi

gp A streptococi frm other B streptococi BACITRACIN TEST

Pneumococi frm other alpha hemolytic streptococi optochin test

staphylococus aurens 4m other staph coagulase test

lipopolysacharide region 1 polysacharide portion determining o antigen specificity and region 2 is core polysacharide, region 3 is glycolipid portion LIPID A and responsible for endotoxic activities

cidex for sterlization cytoscope endoscope bronchoscope

polychrome methylene blue strain Mc fadeyan rxn  dat is chracterstic of anthrax and papule evolve in painles vesicle

dettol 4.8 percent solution and cetrimide with faint fishy odour

in pancreatitis lipase more elevated dan amylase

neiman pick disease sphingomyelinase
jewish

fabry disease alpha galactosidase

nephrogenic inspidus defect of kidney tubule the portion of kidney dat cause water to be excretf or reabsorbf

nitrous oxide is safe to administer to people with asthma


autolysis cell death outside body and liquefactiön  in brain or spinal cord

spirochaete, suture or talc causes granulomatous inflamation

clear straw color liquid produce by body in response to tissue damage exudate not plasma

nephritic syndrme RBC and cast in urine

Aml most malignant and CLL least malignant type acute leukemia have rapid onset and progression
.
Silicosis or stöne mason's disease most common and most serious with increase suspectibility to tb

anthracosis black lung disease or coal worker pneumoconiosis

lung abscess alcoholism single most common condition cough and fever foul smelling sputum

barrett esophagus columnar metaplasia of esophageal epithelium with chronic reflex

chronic bronchitis hypeslasia of bröchial submucosal gland and bronchial smøöth muscle hypertrophy quantified by REID INDEX ratio of glandular layer thcknes to bronchial wall thickness

patient with chrönic bronchitis predispose to bronchogenic carcinoma

high level of bilirubin in blød stream kernicterus athetoid cerebral palsy

myelofibrosis masive splenomegaly, polycythemia vera exces RBC, OPPOSITE OF ANEMIA, decrease Erythropoetin conc

bacteria no intron exon present no histone

nose staph aurens
outer ear stap epidermidis


ratner's bone cavity?
a)aneurysmal bone cysy
b)NICO@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
c)residual bone cyst
d)stafne's bone defect




  
Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: Overview
Alternative Names: Ratner bone cavities, alveolar cavitational osteopathosis, Robert's bone cavity, trigger point bone cavity and interference field.

Neuralgia-inducing Cavitational Osteonecrosis (NICO) has been described in medical literature since 1976. In cases of NICO it is claimed that small areas of bone in the upper or lower jaw become infected or inflamed and die, producing neuralgia-like pain. Most often, no sign of inflammation appears on X-ray. NICO is said to appear after tooth extraction, jaw surgery, endodontic therapy or crown preparation and is speculated to be the result of a long-standing low-grade infection.

The oral nevi in which nevus cells are extended till the basal cell layer of epithelium, is: the basal cell layer of epithelium, is:

1. Junctional nevus @
2. Compound nevus
3. Intra-mucosal nevus
4. Blue nevus

In a heriditory autosomal dominant, LADD syndrome, D’ denotes:

1. Occlusion of lacrimal puncta, nasolacrimal duct
2. Clinodactyly, enamel hypoplasia @
3. Cup-shaped ears
4. Dacrocystitis

 The unilateral inflamed & enlarged lingual tonsil can be mistakenly diagnosed as:

1. Early carcinoma @
2. Foliate papillitis
3. Reactive lymphoid hyperplasia
4. Lymphoid polyps

Which of the following is congenital cause of true macro-glossia?

1. Gargoylism @
2. Cretinism
3. Small pox
4. Pellagra

TAURODONTISM>> and which genetic condition is it seen with klienfelters syndrome and tricho-dento-osseous syndrome

 What is PERIMOLYSIS??
    erosion of tooth structure due to GERD or other chemical which r acidic in nature

Regarding Chronic Hyperplastic Candidosis, which of the following statement is true?

A) It is always a homogeneous white patch
B) Candidal hyphae penetrate to the full depth of the epithelium
C) The white patch can be rubbed off@@@@@@
D) Shows epithelial dysplasia in about 50% of cases
E) It is always successfully treated with topical antifungals


Which one of the following is the most common site of occurrence of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma?

A) Lateral border of tongue@@@@
B) Ventral surface of tongue
C) Floor of mouth
D) Gingiva
E) Cheek

goldenhar synd is hemifacial microsomia