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Friday 23 March 2012

KEY POINTS

cherubism chrmosome 4, marfan sxndrme chromosome 15 and osteogenesis imperfecta chromosome 19 ,

peutz jegher syndrome mutation of stk11 gene location on  19, van de woude syndrome 1

dentigenesis imperfecta gene map to chromosome 4 dat encode protein dentin sialophosphoprotein

amelogenesis imperfecta due to defective gene amelogenin closely linked to locus DxS85 at Xp 22


The antibody formed in primary response is predominately igM and in secondary response is igG,

serum sickness differ from other type of hypersensitivity reaction single injection can serve both sensiting dose and shocking dose

igM has pentameric structure

immunoglobulin smaller L chain has molecular weight of 25000 and heavy H chain of 50,000. L chain attached to H chain by disulphide bond. The two H chain joined by 1-5 S-S bond.


The function of IgD is antigen recognization by B cell

the reaginic antibody is IgE , it doesnt fix any complement.

CD 3 expressed by T cells, CD 19 by B cells CD 64 expressed by granulocyte CD 68 by macrophage

interleukin 8 neutrophil chemotactic factor

interleukin 5 proliferation of eosinophil, stimulate igA and igM production

catalase test distinguish streptococi frm staphylococi

gp A streptococi frm other B streptococi BACITRACIN TEST

Pneumococi frm other alpha hemolytic streptococi optochin test

staphylococus aurens 4m other staph coagulase test

lipopolysacharide region 1 polysacharide portion determining o antigen specificity and region 2 is core polysacharide, region 3 is glycolipid portion LIPID A and responsible for endotoxic activities

cidex for sterlization cytoscope endoscope bronchoscope

polychrome methylene blue strain Mc fadeyan rxn  dat is chracterstic of anthrax and papule evolve in painles vesicle

dettol 4.8 percent solution and cetrimide with faint fishy odour

in pancreatitis lipase more elevated dan amylase

neiman pick disease sphingomyelinase
jewish

fabry disease alpha galactosidase

nephrogenic inspidus defect of kidney tubule the portion of kidney dat cause water to be excretf or reabsorbf

nitrous oxide is safe to administer to people with asthma


autolysis cell death outside body and liquefactiön  in brain or spinal cord

spirochaete, suture or talc causes granulomatous inflamation

clear straw color liquid produce by body in response to tissue damage exudate not plasma

nephritic syndrme RBC and cast in urine

Aml most malignant and CLL least malignant type acute leukemia have rapid onset and progression
.
Silicosis or stöne mason's disease most common and most serious with increase suspectibility to tb

anthracosis black lung disease or coal worker pneumoconiosis

lung abscess alcoholism single most common condition cough and fever foul smelling sputum

barrett esophagus columnar metaplasia of esophageal epithelium with chronic reflex

chronic bronchitis hypeslasia of bröchial submucosal gland and bronchial smøöth muscle hypertrophy quantified by REID INDEX ratio of glandular layer thcknes to bronchial wall thickness

patient with chrönic bronchitis predispose to bronchogenic carcinoma

high level of bilirubin in blød stream kernicterus athetoid cerebral palsy

myelofibrosis masive splenomegaly, polycythemia vera exces RBC, OPPOSITE OF ANEMIA, decrease Erythropoetin conc

bacteria no intron exon present no histone

nose staph aurens
outer ear stap epidermidis

vagina lactobcilus

pilli in gram negative 6stly

lipopolysacharide heat stable so cant be cönverted to toxoid

Lps activate macrophage release of Tnf alpha, il1 and il6

bacilus anthracis 3 protein make 2 toxin,

all cocci are gram positive except neiseria and moraxiela
all spore former gram positive

background in stain modifif for tisue pale red gram stain

gram stain crystal violet gram iodine acetone safranin purple blue

legionela charcoat extract agar

thayer martin media is chocholate agar suplementd with vancomycin nystatin and colistin to inhibit normal flora

cholestrol purine pyridimine mycoplasma,

cysteine francisela brucela legiönela pasteurela

neiseria vacine 50percent serotype B four capsular polysacharide y w135, c , a and s pneumonia 23 capsular polysacharide

microaerophlic helicobacter camphylobacter

group b streptococi hydrolyse hipurate CAMP POSITIVE, bacitracin resistant,

bacilus anthracic capsule polypeptide

listeria meningitis most cause of meningitis in renal transplant and adult with cancer

actinomyces gram positive rod anaerobic and nocardia aerobic partial acid fast in soil dust sulfonamide

mycobacterium sensitive to uv PRODUCE NIACIN, HEAT SENSITIVE CATALASE

mantaux test greater dan 5 hiv and 15 low risk

m kansai photochromogen and m avium nonchromogen, m scrofulacaeum scotochromogens

m lepra cant be culture in vitro,

clostridium gram positive rod anaerobic

clostridium dificale clindamycin cephalosporin amoxy ampicilin

neiseria oxidase test phenylnediamine turn black, diplococi wid flatend side

neiseria gonorhea intracelular gram negative diplococi in PMN maltose nt fermented

lead basophilic stipling of RBC anaemia pain wrist foot drop

carbon tetrachloride hepatocelular damage

bismvh nephro neurotoxicity

factor 8 antihemophlic factor
factor 9 plasma thromboplastin component

hemophilia C rosenthal syndrme factor 11 plasma thromboplastin antecedant

hemophlic prolong PTT and normal Pt

respiratory syncytial viru7

sindbis virus frm wild bird and ross river rodents

right sided congestive heart failure peripheral edema and left sided congestive heart failure leads to pulmonary edema

pitting edema indicate acute disease process and non pitting chronic

hyperparathyroidism decrease serum phosphorous level

metabolic acidosis seen in progressive stage of shock

hypovolemic shock blood loss

venous thrombi are more uniform red and lines are distinct

thrombus is a solid mass of clotted blood that develop in and attached to blood vessel

arterial thrombi show alternating red and white laminations line of zahn

agönal thrombus form in heart during process of dying after prolonged heart failure

congestion is excessive of blood within blood vessel

cardiac temponade  is life threatening slow rapid compression of heart due to pericardial accumulation of fluid pus blood clot or gas sign and symptom include beck triad elevatf CVP with neck vein distension muffled heart sound pulsus paradoxus, cardiac tempöade is serious compli2tiö of pericarditis

constrictive pericarditis post inflamatory thickening and scaring of membrane producing cönstrictiön of cardiac chamber, heart not increased in size typical complication of Tb

LEUKOCYTOSIS LARGE leukocyte WHITE BLOOD CELL IN BACTERIAL INEECTION, AND LEUKOPENIA VIRAL INFECTION

Not all bacterial  infectiön show leukocytosis typhoid fever brucelosis

normal range of leukocytes is 5000 to 10,000 per cu mm of blood, in leukemoid rxn value is 100,000

ludwig angina no fluctuatiö, open mouthed appearance non piting

rabies killed subcutaneous

nocardia leprosy tb acid fast ziehl nelser

c diptheria methylene blue albert and neisser staining

spirochaete can be stained by silver impregnation and fontana staining film and levaditi method for staining tisue section

diptheria toxin inhibtiö of protein synthesis, enterotoxin of staph loss of fluid frm smal intestine,

mesophile 37c

dick test for streptococi and schick test for diptheria

actual focal spot 1*3 and effective focal spot 1*1

heat storage capacity for anode of dental diagnostic tube 20 kHN

exposure time and no. Of photon directly related

when x ray beam is directed at patient the tissue absorb 0.9 of x ray photon

ant belly of digastric fosa of mandible and post belly mastoid notch of temporal bone

tendon transfer with polio paralysis 5 yr of age

commonest site for lymphoma in git stomach

thalasemia agnathia autosomal recesive

toga virus german measle and paramyxo rubeola

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